The Plating Forum: ENIG and the Plating Process

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Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) continues to gain market share due to its versatility in a wide range of component assembly methods including solder fusing, wave soldering, and wire bonding. The ENIG finish provides a highly solderable flat surface that does not tarnish or discolor. It has a long shelf life and the precious metal topcoat provides excellent electrical continuity. The nickel serves as a barrier against copper diffusion and prevents copper contamination of the solder during wave soldering and rework operations.

The ENIG Plating Process

The plating of ENIG is a complex multi-step process. Each process step is carefully designed and must be well understood and controlled to produce the desired end product.

These can be broken down into the following:

1. Preparing the catalyzed surface for Ni deposition
2. The Ni deposition step
3. The gold deposition step

1. Preparing the Catalyzed Surface for Ni Deposition

The objective is to form a thin immersion uniformly distributed palladium catalyst layer on the copper surfaces to be plated with nickel. Nickel deposition is specific to the catalyzed surface. Nickel will not initiate or deposit on non-catalyzed surfaces like soldermask or laminate. The uniformity is important so that the nickel will initiate at the same time on all areas of the copper surfaces to be plated. This will give rise to an even nickel deposit with no crevices or protrusions in the final plating. An even nickel deposit is not susceptible to corrosion during the gold deposition step.

Achieving a uniformly catalyzed surface begins with bringing a pristine copper surface to the catalyst bath. A pristine copper surface is one that is free of oxidation, organic contaminants, neutral (charge-free) and fairly smooth (low profile). Read the full column here.
Editor's Note: This column originally appeared in the December 2013 issue of The PCB Magazine under George's "The Finish Line" column.

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